tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1432126568317055092024-03-13T14:09:12.108-04:00At Home in the Nineteenth CenturyAn Exploration of Domestic Furnishings and Daily LivingWalter G. Ritchie, Jr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10050404123977222273noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-143212656831705509.post-67631301040405882252012-07-16T22:43:00.001-04:002023-07-24T15:26:16.088-04:00Celery at the Dining Table<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 1 Celery vase with celery<br />stalks. <span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">Photograph©The Strong<br />Museum, Rochester, NY</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">No dinner in the Victorian
period was complete without a side of celery.
For most of the nineteenth century, celery was perceived as a
high-status food and occupied a prominent position on the dining
table. From approximately 1830 to 1890,
celery was served “in the rough” with the leaves still attached, in a celery
vase made of blown or pressed glass.
Together, the leafy celery and glass vase created a decorative accent
for the dining table, similar to a bouquet of flowers (fig. 1).</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 2 Celery vase, E. V. Haughwout</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">and Company (active 1855-1861), </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">1855-1860, New York City, New</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">York. Cut glass. Dallas </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Museum</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">of Art, Dallas, TX</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Celery vases consist of a tall,
narrow, tapered bowl above a pedestal base. These vases were made in blown glass with cut and faceted motifs or in pressed glass shaped and decorated in a
mold. Some examples were produced in
earthenware with a Rockingham or flint-enamel glaze (fig. 5). The form always remained essentially the
same—that of a vase—but the decoration varied from the geometric to the
naturalistic.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 3 Celery vase, 1850-1870,<br />America. Pressed glass. The<br />Metropolitan Museum of Art,<br />New York, NY</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The most expensive celery vases
were made of blown glass cut either with slightly concave panels or with
faceted motifs such as relief diamonds (fig. 2).
Occasionally the cut patterns were combined with engraved
decoration. Pressed glass examples were
much less expensive and therefore accessible to middle class families (fig. 3). Whether blown or pressed, celery vases were
typically made to match a glass table service consisting of wine glasses, water
goblets, compotes, pitchers, decanters, and other pieces (fig.4).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the final decades of the
nineteenth century, the celery dish became available as an alternative to the traditional celery
vase. Celery dishes usually assume the form of a long, narrow oval,
frequently with handles at the ends. Unlike the tall and vertical celery vase, the celery dish is low and
horizontal. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Both forms were offered by manufacturers into the early twentieth century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 4 Wine glass, celery vase and water bottle from</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">a cut-glass table service, Bakewell, Page and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Bakewell (active 1808-1882), 1829-</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">1830, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Pittsburgh,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Pennsylvania. Cut and engraved glass. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Collection</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">of the White House, Washington, D.C.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries, celery dishes were manufactured in a variety of materials
including </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">porcelain, cut glass, and pressed
glass.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Examples made of porcelain
frequently feature painted decoration of sprays of flowers and a border of
slightly raised gilt scrolls.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A large
proportion of porcelain celery dishes were manufactured in Europe by companies
such as Haviland of Limoges, France, and R.S. Prussia in Germany.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 5 Celery vase, Lyman,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fenton & Co. (active 1849-</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">1852), 1849-1852, Bennington,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Vermont. Earthenware with</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">flint-enamel glaze. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Metropolitan Museum of Art,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">New York, NY</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">At the turn of the twentieth
century, porcelain dinner services made in France, England, and Germany flooded
the American market. These services
usually included a dish for celery in addition to many other serving pieces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Between 1890 and 1920, celery dishes
were also manufactured in American Brilliant cut glass (fig. 6). Made of a heavy lead
glass deeply cut with diamonds, stars, fans, hobnails, and other faceted motifs,
Brilliant glass celery dishes beautifully refracted the light and, in
combination with other cut-glass tableware, created a lustrous effect at the
dining table.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 6 Celery dish, 1890-1900, America. Cut glass.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Historic New England, Boston, MA</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The patterns in pressed
glass celery dishes made at the turn of the twentieth century frequently imitate
the high-relief faceted shapes found in Brilliant cut-glass examples.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Walter G. Ritchie, Jr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10050404123977222273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-143212656831705509.post-50846085875888944132012-07-10T00:14:00.006-04:002023-07-25T16:24:31.985-04:00The Grecian Couch<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 1 Design for a Grecian couch, attributed to Gillows (active 1730-</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">1897), c.1820, Lancaster and London. Ink and gouache on paper.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">The </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Metropolitan Museum of Art, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">New York, NY</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In the early nineteenth century, reclining was all the
rage. It was considered quite elegant
for a woman to appear recumbent on a couch, or daybed, her legs outstretched on
the seat while she rested the upper part of her body against one end. In many of the recent film adaptations of
Jane Austen's novels, the Regency-period fashion of reclining on a couch is
beautifully depicted in a drawing room scene where a classically garbed female
in a high-waisted gown lolls on a daybed arranged with cushions and bolsters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 2 Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748-1825), <i>Juliette Recamier</i>,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">1800. Oil on canvas. <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Musee du Louvre, Paris</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Grecian couch (fig. 1), as this
seating type was described in the early decades of the nineteenth century, was
at the height of popularity during the Regency period in England and the Empire
period in France. The new furniture form
appeared in the United States during the late Federal years, 1810-1830. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">The Grecian couch is alternatively referred to as a </span><span style="background-color: white;">Recamier, after Madame Recamier, wife of wealthy
banker Jacques Recamier and famed leader of </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Parisian society during the years following the French
Revolution. Napoleonic court
painter Jacques-Louis David executed a portrait of Madame Recamier relining languidly on a
couch, her back resting against one end arranged with bolsters (fig. 2).</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc4vZircv4LM3J89wvAd5L1PX0twlyTipP-jiJTGqYnHC3F_wMVQThxxlchNm3kt4OtPi38VWcEY80RzSSISi_pw2CBkWUmgQ-6V_pltiXAFrvQMoPPuLF27d06Yh9uQiWQdsqZaKI-Hs/s1600/DP142998.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc4vZircv4LM3J89wvAd5L1PX0twlyTipP-jiJTGqYnHC3F_wMVQThxxlchNm3kt4OtPi38VWcEY80RzSSISi_pw2CBkWUmgQ-6V_pltiXAFrvQMoPPuLF27d06Yh9uQiWQdsqZaKI-Hs/s400/DP142998.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 3 Couch, 1st-2nd century A.D., Roman. Wood, bone and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">glass. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Grecian couch was considered
<i>de rigueur</i> for fashionable drawing rooms and parlors. When made as a pair, the couches were typically arranged symmetrically at right angles to the fireplace in the drawing room (fig. 4). As a result of this placement, the couches projected into the center of the room and occupied a prominent position
among the other drawing room furnishings.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihX42tBkUP0GI2uijLfRNALTw6X0BE2wule5wNW-GwHodOxhpzC68tZaMjTeQ9goT3CKQNHCl1pMmyAq996mrp-uMsS2KL7mDbsoLh3-nbiLfYu4Ho7aePaAlEdhXrXtJ4rblE_vzQSjA/s1600/img081.jpg" style="background-color: white; clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihX42tBkUP0GI2uijLfRNALTw6X0BE2wule5wNW-GwHodOxhpzC68tZaMjTeQ9goT3CKQNHCl1pMmyAq996mrp-uMsS2KL7mDbsoLh3-nbiLfYu4Ho7aePaAlEdhXrXtJ4rblE_vzQSjA/s400/img081.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 4 Design for a drawing room at Taymouth in Perthshire,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Scotland, Sir John Soane (British, 1753-1837), 1808. Watercolor</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">on </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">paper. Sir John Soane's Museum, London</span></td></tr>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Grecian couches are comprised of
a long seat, scrolled ends in which one is typically raised higher than the
other and a back that extends approximately either one half or three quarters
the length of the seat (figs. 5, 6 & 7). The
seat was usually arranged with a cushion, bolsters, and pillows for comfortable
reclining. Sofas of the period exhibit
the same scrolled outline, but are easily distinguished from couches by arms of
equal height and a back that extends the full length of the seat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The legs on which couches stand
vary from a type called “saber,” borrowing its curved outline from the sword of
the same name, to turned legs to carved animal legs terminating in paw
feet. The combination of classical legs
and scrolling ends lends the couch an archeological quality while the partial
back, which usually curves downwards, adds a touch of elegant asymmetry.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho-IFlScOIxg9ndqPLZtWcZY9WablgVaACv146Fa45wtpoJyds9wLEhkslQF2IEH2Z2roW9ADmxrDXAxPkTWWDth1QzQwLQ6oE9ZY2ZhgxCzRGhOdG20Ryw0FAW4Jtpe7xJz2i-WXvDuo/s1600/1006639-4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho-IFlScOIxg9ndqPLZtWcZY9WablgVaACv146Fa45wtpoJyds9wLEhkslQF2IEH2Z2roW9ADmxrDXAxPkTWWDth1QzQwLQ6oE9ZY2ZhgxCzRGhOdG20Ryw0FAW4Jtpe7xJz2i-WXvDuo/s400/1006639-4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 5 Grecian couch, c.1825, New York or Philadelphia. Cherry </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">with </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">rosewood </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">graining and gilt decoration, brass. Carnegie Museum</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">of Art, Pittsburgh, PA</span></td></tr>
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<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Details such as the scrolled ends
and saber, turned or animal-shaped legs derive from ancient Greek and
Roman furniture. Archaeological investigations into the remains of ancient cultures inspired the European taste for furniture with an “antique classical”
appearance. These methodical studies,
conducted during the eighteenth century, uncovered </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">examples of ancient furniture that survived the millennia </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">relatively intact as well as </span><span style="background-color: white;">temple fragments, grave steles, vases and urns bearing scenes of daily life that clearly depicted </span><span style="background-color: white;">the types of
furnishings found in Greek and Roman households. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Such artifacts served as
prototypes for European designers and craftsmen who catered to the taste for
archaeologically inspired classical furniture during the years from 1800 to
1830.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU6aVcvuPObop7pDgZ82M_G2B2jkrS4A0dtdH0VisRbEp4EsRXedYMerz9rOddU48ocH-Nl9NDLVOpF1plDvpsGvFVRoKRwyhTngOcpeXPoPjRha2Q9AS5cKcOhgfnwYSvvDJ9wrTr5Qk/s1600/fullsz_1980-1000-6.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU6aVcvuPObop7pDgZ82M_G2B2jkrS4A0dtdH0VisRbEp4EsRXedYMerz9rOddU48ocH-Nl9NDLVOpF1plDvpsGvFVRoKRwyhTngOcpeXPoPjRha2Q9AS5cKcOhgfnwYSvvDJ9wrTr5Qk/s400/fullsz_1980-1000-6.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 6 Grecian couch, c.1825, Boston, Massachusetts. Rosewood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">with rosewood graining, brass.
High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The model for the
early nineteenth-century daybed was the Roman couch (fig. 3). Used in antiquity
for the purpose of dining, the couch featured a long seat on which guests reclined. The seat was fitted with a headrest and a footrest of scrolled profile to facilitate reclining and provided with a cushion to make the couch more comfortable.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzrX85gLTwiccQ8zFHJnGEwbW6kcMtq4B2gRijdNTIJU2c87ImFcxZKMkaRkOXP5kWohrOfTKccHZiRQgv8CZ2265U9CwpDOo5pBFTdc4Wy0KDue-I6S6-plWC8KLrOfOroxHM33JiTNI/s1600/img082.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzrX85gLTwiccQ8zFHJnGEwbW6kcMtq4B2gRijdNTIJU2c87ImFcxZKMkaRkOXP5kWohrOfTKccHZiRQgv8CZ2265U9CwpDOo5pBFTdc4Wy0KDue-I6S6-plWC8KLrOfOroxHM33JiTNI/s400/img082.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 7 Grecian couch, c.1815-1825, New York City, New York. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Ebonized </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">wood with gilt decoration, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">gilding, vert antique. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Baltimore</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Museum of </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Art, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Baltimore, MD</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Grecian couches made in America between </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1810 and 1830 emulated primarily English Regency examples </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">with scrolled ends of unequal height and an asymmetrical back. The details and decoration varied according to the client's tastes and size of his pocket book. Examples were made in a variety of materials including mahogany, rosewood and ebonized wood. The frames were embellished with different types of decoration such as carving, brass mounts and gilt ornament. Furniture makers in the cities of Baltimore and New York produced some of the most elaborate and elegant examples of Grecian couches, which featured a combination of carving and gilt decoration (fig. 7).</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFaH1KdpVuVLGgl1yQGYsb4h0-gjaeO8tzrmg4tb48-plyaeaul-gbP7mDptacQhkt4DkO6xlMIxF-g-N55GmvYrSnt0vYxaNGTEDYLFMRSPB3jWVaNvDYUAZM4KqClma2JXT4U5HcMhY/s1600/img086.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFaH1KdpVuVLGgl1yQGYsb4h0-gjaeO8tzrmg4tb48-plyaeaul-gbP7mDptacQhkt4DkO6xlMIxF-g-N55GmvYrSnt0vYxaNGTEDYLFMRSPB3jWVaNvDYUAZM4KqClma2JXT4U5HcMhY/s400/img086.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 8 Parlor. Picnic House, built c.1835, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div>
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</div>Walter G. Ritchie, Jr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10050404123977222273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-143212656831705509.post-83912587143133524162012-07-09T03:50:00.009-04:002023-07-25T16:49:26.500-04:00Klismos-Form Chairs<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNhEiF6DdObNrA-97nfjwoVf5m28yyV0BoMMC9aAaoWs44YS1jAngZZ6Z_V1W8CW9MZ1Lqm7BQqwuGZbGl9uBZPuippY8jBVHUM2I41lTlj-FvCbL4jniHV83lpCv6loAPNCdCuSVw01I/s1600/GR200.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNhEiF6DdObNrA-97nfjwoVf5m28yyV0BoMMC9aAaoWs44YS1jAngZZ6Z_V1W8CW9MZ1Lqm7BQqwuGZbGl9uBZPuippY8jBVHUM2I41lTlj-FvCbL4jniHV83lpCv6loAPNCdCuSVw01I/s400/GR200.jpg" width="227" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 1 Stele (grave marker) of a man,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">c.375-350 B.C., Greek, marble.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">The Metropolitan Museum of Art,<br />New York, NY</span>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In the eighteenth century, a renewed interest in classical antiquity was spurred by the discovery and subsequent excavation of the ancient Roman cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Shortly afterwards Greek cities such as Athens and Palmyra also became the focus of archaeological investigations. The new
information yielded by these archaeological studies inspired a full-scale revival of ancient Greek and Roman art and architecture.
The new fashion, described as Neoclassicism, dominated English and French
architecture, interior decoration, furniture, and other decorative arts from the
late eighteenth through the early nineteenth centuries. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiynLQJl6CFaFWkv98rn1R9F7XKSIzQ5AE5bjuAZCKd7QgC_ATpWW4_H0kwyua1NXJyqzcCMNUAb_rLT9o6axOq2etmDSJPaEZw52XzOlNmXLDm50N41IGkJZFLM4-2a2qLwKA635denM4/s1600/DT170.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiynLQJl6CFaFWkv98rn1R9F7XKSIzQ5AE5bjuAZCKd7QgC_ATpWW4_H0kwyua1NXJyqzcCMNUAb_rLT9o6axOq2etmDSJPaEZw52XzOlNmXLDm50N41IGkJZFLM4-2a2qLwKA635denM4/s320/DT170.jpg" width="178" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 2 Side chair, attributed to </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Samuel <span style="background-color: white;">McIntire (1757-1811),</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">1794-1799, </span><span style="background-color: white;">Salem, </span><span style="background-color: white;">Massachusetts.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Mahogany. </span><span style="background-color: white;">The Metropolitan</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">Museum </span><span style="background-color: white;">of Art, </span><span style="background-color: white;">New York, NY</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Neoclassical style appeared in the United States shortly
after the end of the Revolutionary War.
Its adoption coincided with the Federal period, which describes the years when the new American government was formed.
The style was deemed appropriate for the fledgling nation because of its
associations with the democratic ideals of ancient Greece and the republican
virtues of early Rome. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Between 1790 and 1810, American furniture featured the
straight lines, geometric shapes and classical decoration associated with the
Neoclassical style (figs. 2 & 3). In the opening years
of the nineteenth century, Neoclassicism entered an archaeological phase, when
designers and cabinetmakers copied the forms of ancient Greek and Roman
furniture. Archaeological prototypes
dominated American furniture design into the 1830s.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div>
</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvfIzV4b9wDN4r9ud3ZA0jRjEsdZuPBGHeJ5orob1Rxo7aum-EETjISSlz8BW8CgNPzCgx4phm1H6S6OO3CL_l_LFxspJae336upTqdQKKGTGC82eLZc6nW62yNa1Oxep45H1zYUcOTAQ/s1600/1997.150.22_transp695.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvfIzV4b9wDN4r9ud3ZA0jRjEsdZuPBGHeJ5orob1Rxo7aum-EETjISSlz8BW8CgNPzCgx4phm1H6S6OO3CL_l_LFxspJae336upTqdQKKGTGC82eLZc6nW62yNa1Oxep45H1zYUcOTAQ/s400/1997.150.22_transp695.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 3 Sideboard, c.1790, New York City, New York. Mahogany.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">One such antique model was the klismos, a distinctive type
of chair used in ancient Greece (fig. 1). The
klismos chair stood on deeply curved legs, described as “saber” due to their similarity to the sword of the same name.
A deep crest rail that curved to accommodate the back of the sitter
surmounted the outswept support, both of which echoed the curves of the
saber legs.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuD1dHtcMSOsHDclGjJnCH3xU1kjxEBxjM1VXV0e4fm5_Q17GYUWc_iPikqeLFkmiOW0numdkHbdJFrPTmzUbFM2YeA7GWgtnskx7-ne1fCvdzT2pOMM-9BNscYY4nXreTXkawT1E2kgg/s1600/DT947.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuD1dHtcMSOsHDclGjJnCH3xU1kjxEBxjM1VXV0e4fm5_Q17GYUWc_iPikqeLFkmiOW0numdkHbdJFrPTmzUbFM2YeA7GWgtnskx7-ne1fCvdzT2pOMM-9BNscYY4nXreTXkawT1E2kgg/s320/DT947.jpg" width="203" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 5 Scroll-back side chair</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">, 1810-1820,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">New York City<span style="background-color: white;">, New </span><span style="background-color: white;">York. M</span><span style="background-color: white;">ahogany.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">The </span><span style="background-color: white;">Metropolitan Museum </span><span style="background-color: white;">of Art, </span><span style="background-color: white;">New</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">York, NY</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic_wTkTj_3tYFX-OYyuDrdhXycohpToI75XFIIvcpnNzdmjJxfVE9a1CRROzUabVZ0-8kgzY_tWVTHYTNaIN0qt90M8eYsicL5SArOapL_ZGsG489i4U0rWlRpAF2osmYjHeYMuWqpvaE/s1600/DP144105.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic_wTkTj_3tYFX-OYyuDrdhXycohpToI75XFIIvcpnNzdmjJxfVE9a1CRROzUabVZ0-8kgzY_tWVTHYTNaIN0qt90M8eYsicL5SArOapL_ZGsG489i4U0rWlRpAF2osmYjHeYMuWqpvaE/s320/DP144105.jpg" width="253" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 4 Tablet-back side chair, attributed to John<br />and Hugh Finlay (active 1800-1833), 1815-1820,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Baltimore, Maryland. Maple with painted</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">decoration. The </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Metropolitan </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Museum </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">of </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Art,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">New York, NY</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Greek klismos was the most popular archae</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">o-</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">log</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ical model
for chairs made in the Unites States between about 1810 and 1830. American Neo- classical chairs of klismos form
stand on downswept saber legs that frequently termi- nate in carved lion's paw
feet. The stiles, or vertical supports,
elegantly curve out from the sides of the seat and rise to a crest rail, which
either scrolls toward the back or takes on the form of a rectangular tablet. Depending on the shape of the crest, the chair is identified as either tablet-back (fig. 4) or scroll back (fig. 5) The backs of chairs with scrolled crest rails
feature a splat in the form of a lyre or harp, curved or straight cross bars (fig. 6) or
a center rail comprised of a tablet flanked by acanthus leaves. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Motifs commonly found in the carved decoration on scrolled crest rails include cornucopias, ribbon-tied reeds and strands of wheat. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Legs, stiles and seat rails are typically
decorated with reeding.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtdlVb60zhWUvU1E9w7VHzy9Z2LYjcMgMZzrpBaUQYaW5UUfHJ3mjE64rOAZFbMahSzk7o16ZSOZWEYNcXPogPkugPWc0PKm-wfT8q0sqjjh7f7I4TvUeN15I3TzxVDTmgDpHhdr8Ou-s/s1600/DP232420.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtdlVb60zhWUvU1E9w7VHzy9Z2LYjcMgMZzrpBaUQYaW5UUfHJ3mjE64rOAZFbMahSzk7o16ZSOZWEYNcXPogPkugPWc0PKm-wfT8q0sqjjh7f7I4TvUeN15I3TzxVDTmgDpHhdr8Ou-s/s320/DP232420.jpg" width="215" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 6 Scroll-back side chair, attributed to Duncan<br />Phyfe (1770-1854), 1810-1815, New York City, New<br />York. Mahogany. The Metropolitan Museum of Art,<br />New York, NY</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Klismos-form chairs were made in a variety of woods including mahogany, rosewood, and maple. Some examples feature painted and/or gilt decoration on <span style="background-color: white;">a red or black ground (fig. 7).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">The American taste for
archaeologically </span><span style="background-color: white;">inspired furniture coincided with the emergence and dissemination of the Greek Revival style in architecture and interior decoration. A thoroughly "Grecian" interior featured decoration of Greek Ionic or Corinthian columns, pilasters, architraves, and a full entablature, complemented by furniture based on archaeological models, including klismos-form chairs (fig. 8).</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgofCFBzEB11hZ5WiTm1YB1KJQY6EAYfknDfF056fxiNk-dD09tdd_UW66PX2rWuIUlw9d-CEomeinF4w9xNC-tUXONAekyMLYQuNFqgFtwzL94ncHNoJbGrgglZJ1YLPNChW3jio0KeLE/s1600/fullsz_1984-47+V.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgofCFBzEB11hZ5WiTm1YB1KJQY6EAYfknDfF056fxiNk-dD09tdd_UW66PX2rWuIUlw9d-CEomeinF4w9xNC-tUXONAekyMLYQuNFqgFtwzL94ncHNoJbGrgglZJ1YLPNChW3jio0KeLE/s400/fullsz_1984-47+V.jpg" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fig. 7 Tablet-back side chair, designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe (American, 1764-1820), c.1808, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Yellow poplar, oak, maple and white pine with painted and gilt decoration</span><span style="color: #474747;"><span style="font-size: 12.2222px; line-height: 17.7778px;">. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqvsChyrXFNY0RGBTxNKIyvYW5bqcx-iG8ZD9hFVVitLBdVLgIDb25lg9XEKGqSLr0r2nPeJ-Itm8b4tZq_9whyAvCFPsriwxs55wZ4PGYgFyjqu12KEFDQ-hVZNhUlJwHfHcF7usWWAA/s1600/img087.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqvsChyrXFNY0RGBTxNKIyvYW5bqcx-iG8ZD9hFVVitLBdVLgIDb25lg9XEKGqSLr0r2nPeJ-Itm8b4tZq_9whyAvCFPsriwxs55wZ4PGYgFyjqu12KEFDQ-hVZNhUlJwHfHcF7usWWAA/s640/img087.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Fig. 8 Design for double parlors, Alexander Jackson Davis (American, 1803-1892), c.1830. Watercolor on paper. The New-York Historical Society, New York, NY</span></td></tr>
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<o:p></o:p></div>Walter G. Ritchie, Jr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10050404123977222273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-143212656831705509.post-26804928546144236502012-06-29T17:05:00.001-04:002023-07-25T17:04:46.155-04:00Dinner Casters<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfLfUTsrDs-1bJa5UJ1aZKwnwoO18fZpVNqQxUSmjeyrdX-sm8ow2zajNXBRxWi6dBYfrJBh5MecAtNB1e97TE1peGpPKT8Dt_bSFoSudRaF-Y-KXvqvix86s_eMRNk5FEARIiY_rLp20/s1600/DP102324.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfLfUTsrDs-1bJa5UJ1aZKwnwoO18fZpVNqQxUSmjeyrdX-sm8ow2zajNXBRxWi6dBYfrJBh5MecAtNB1e97TE1peGpPKT8Dt_bSFoSudRaF-Y-KXvqvix86s_eMRNk5FEARIiY_rLp20/s400/DP102324.jpg" width="190" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Standing Salt with Cover<br />1584-1585<br />London<br />Gilt silver<br /><i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The practice of providing
condiments to accompany a meal dates back many centuries. Salt first appeared on banquet tables during
the Middle Ages, when it was a luxury restricted to the nobility. Because of its significant status, salt was
served from large-scale vessels crafted from precious metals such as gold and
silver. Known as salts or salt cellars,
these highly treasured containers were periodically embellished with jewels,
semi-precious stones and colored enamels.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3h3JvkULKLHgNgAmHKj2BECm9WYSlwnqO8k10PTnhXyR4JHlAYOpgGdCIiqk-OlkMrwIlWnFWUvdDjmrbg9sNFbCeWRINdjLzi96pE4iSE6bOlyJcrIu1WkD-grqBq8JJYwYhmSglNlo/s1600/193722.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3h3JvkULKLHgNgAmHKj2BECm9WYSlwnqO8k10PTnhXyR4JHlAYOpgGdCIiqk-OlkMrwIlWnFWUvdDjmrbg9sNFbCeWRINdjLzi96pE4iSE6bOlyJcrIu1WkD-grqBq8JJYwYhmSglNlo/s320/193722.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Set of Three Casters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Made by Anthony Nelme (active 1685, died 1722)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">1684–1685<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">London<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Silver<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY</span></i>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3h3JvkULKLHgNgAmHKj2BECm9WYSlwnqO8k10PTnhXyR4JHlAYOpgGdCIiqk-OlkMrwIlWnFWUvdDjmrbg9sNFbCeWRINdjLzi96pE4iSE6bOlyJcrIu1WkD-grqBq8JJYwYhmSglNlo/s1600/193722.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3h3JvkULKLHgNgAmHKj2BECm9WYSlwnqO8k10PTnhXyR4JHlAYOpgGdCIiqk-OlkMrwIlWnFWUvdDjmrbg9sNFbCeWRINdjLzi96pE4iSE6bOlyJcrIu1WkD-grqBq8JJYwYhmSglNlo/s1600/193722.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3h3JvkULKLHgNgAmHKj2BECm9WYSlwnqO8k10PTnhXyR4JHlAYOpgGdCIiqk-OlkMrwIlWnFWUvdDjmrbg9sNFbCeWRINdjLzi96pE4iSE6bOlyJcrIu1WkD-grqBq8JJYwYhmSglNlo/s1600/193722.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3h3JvkULKLHgNgAmHKj2BECm9WYSlwnqO8k10PTnhXyR4JHlAYOpgGdCIiqk-OlkMrwIlWnFWUvdDjmrbg9sNFbCeWRINdjLzi96pE4iSE6bOlyJcrIu1WkD-grqBq8JJYwYhmSglNlo/s1600/193722.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3h3JvkULKLHgNgAmHKj2BECm9WYSlwnqO8k10PTnhXyR4JHlAYOpgGdCIiqk-OlkMrwIlWnFWUvdDjmrbg9sNFbCeWRINdjLzi96pE4iSE6bOlyJcrIu1WkD-grqBq8JJYwYhmSglNlo/s1600/193722.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Around the middle of the seventeenth century</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, table articles for shaking or "casting" pepper,
dry mustard and sugar emerged alongside the salt cellar. Casters, as they were termed, had the
appearance of oversized salt-and-pepper shakers, featuring a tall body
surmounted by a domed lid pierced with openings. Typically fashioned from silver, the casters
were made in sets of three, the </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">tallest holding sugar.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">In the eighteenth century cut-glass cruets, or </span><span style="background-color: white;">bottles, for oil and vinegar joined the trio of silver
casters. The five containers were
arranged neatly in a silver stand referred to as a cruet frame, which consisted
of a base raised on feet and a framework of small rings to hold the cruets and
casters. By the late eighteenth century,
casters and cruets alike were made of cut glass and all five bottles rested in
a silver cruet frame enclosed by a low gallery. </span></span><br />
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<span style="clear: left; font-size: xx-small; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyz5YKc08jL6mmMftUZDrKx3GXdMmXKQ070cKkGm72uDJR_DiXFH-X6a9oyDtsU3Xq12FTcXQ3y744zoelAUODdIXdobzY4Dn6-PUFt6SFNf3wyRx2ZhATCQbATDoYFn_R4FD8IahW_OE/s1600/186271.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyz5YKc08jL6mmMftUZDrKx3GXdMmXKQ070cKkGm72uDJR_DiXFH-X6a9oyDtsU3Xq12FTcXQ3y744zoelAUODdIXdobzY4Dn6-PUFt6SFNf3wyRx2ZhATCQbATDoYFn_R4FD8IahW_OE/s400/186271.jpg" width="292" /></a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Cruet Frame with Casters and
Cruets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Made by Robert Peaston (active
1756–1766)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">1762–1763<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">London<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Silver, glass<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York, NY</i></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP5VMxPdf1rYEf6-1eP7n8F82mmfiwhmle-aNc1u-UYoNggCoNa9D5y2K9LlUI6acDst0kPrPg_0VGR063Gsd7SZ22V5UiMQPYwRHPqSh35S7YZ6YeIEmqX3lVRPfgj_Bq7r0dqUZ1fxw/s1600/193502.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP5VMxPdf1rYEf6-1eP7n8F82mmfiwhmle-aNc1u-UYoNggCoNa9D5y2K9LlUI6acDst0kPrPg_0VGR063Gsd7SZ22V5UiMQPYwRHPqSh35S7YZ6YeIEmqX3lVRPfgj_Bq7r0dqUZ1fxw/s1600/193502.jpg" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Trencher Salt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Made by Thomas Ash (active 1652–1715)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: justify;">The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY</i></span></div>
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cellars, which were simpler and much smaller in scale than in previous
centuries and </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">typically made in pairs or sets of four.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">By the Victorian period, condiments such as </span><span style="background-color: white;">salt, pepper, sugar, and mustard were no longer the expensive commodities they had been in previous centuries, when they were available to only the wealthy. Consequently, these condiments appeared on the dining tables of middle-class families.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiqHwCBpmvijKK8H1WRn3BfzbBE4nXO-isqBkKYtlgvNJc1uuZ5qU3gcIoI7xWnkv03JThDYXZTE0dHcilElsZMj1qobDzyUrhDkxihTD07gNakTAF0nLsfqcqfAdtI9GuzNQttWyccTY/s1600/img058.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiqHwCBpmvijKK8H1WRn3BfzbBE4nXO-isqBkKYtlgvNJc1uuZ5qU3gcIoI7xWnkv03JThDYXZTE0dHcilElsZMj1qobDzyUrhDkxihTD07gNakTAF0nLsfqcqfAdtI9GuzNQttWyccTY/s400/img058.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Dinner Caster<br />Made by Wilcox Silverplate Company<br />c.1871<br />Meriden, Connecticut<br />Silverplate, glass<br /><i>Photograph©Edmund P.Hogan</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In the second half of the
nineteenth century, the cruet frame and bottles evolved into the “dinner
caster,” a stand arranged with the traditional glass cruets for oil and
vinegar, but now including glass casters for several types of pepper and a
lidded glass pot for prepared mustard.
The sugar caster disappeared from the set. The most expensive dinner casters were made of
silver. From 1850 to 1900, the vast
majority were produced in Britannia metal, a silver-white
alloy, or silverplate, making them affordable for the middle-class dining
table.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzybCGcw_OncMuhJTnf4a8k7jtjbsP8ZWLHXBr4ylOPCgYUJq9N6-eBvrb0mnX6UANQ06TwkgOc_eXLg97UweBah-V5QVM7T4-710w_J5TRLxrWR9kyqyyz-Jl10LUkJZNu20DputvNv0/s1600/H0093-L18704938.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzybCGcw_OncMuhJTnf4a8k7jtjbsP8ZWLHXBr4ylOPCgYUJq9N6-eBvrb0mnX6UANQ06TwkgOc_eXLg97UweBah-V5QVM7T4-710w_J5TRLxrWR9kyqyyz-Jl10LUkJZNu20DputvNv0/s400/H0093-L18704938.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Dinner Caster<br />c.1880<br />Made by Meriden Britannia Company<br />Meriden, Connecticut<br />Silverplate, glass<br /><i>Photograph©</i><i>DuMouchelles, Detroit, MI</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE3MNlXr32Rv9OgKO5OamBtDhsAFv9JU5ASMs91kPhBNmK1iN3hGswB9VCQAELRJw_W60GS62PE9O50IKWBBfSnVq1HbXMXVaA3xnBoe443U-8YmE9UOuyDCo15mzQSafjD7IZPwLZQp8/s200/DP216595.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="200" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Salt Cellar</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Made by Andrew Ellicott Warner (1786-1870)<br />c.1835</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baltimore, Maryland</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Silver</span><br /><i><span style="font-size: small;">The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York,NY</span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></i></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">In</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> the middle decades of the
nineteenth century, the silverplated stand typically featured decoration derived
from one of the many revival styles popular at the time such as Gothic, Rococo, or Renaissance. After 1880, the stands
reflected the influence of the Aesthetic Movement, adopting Eastlake or
Anglo-Japanese motifs, while the bottles--traditionally of clear glass with cut
decoration--were frequently made of the new varieties of colorful
"Art" glass. In 1857, Roswell Gleason and Sons, silverplate manufacturers in Dorchetser, Massachusetts, obtained a patent for the design of an innovative
dinner caster with revolving compartments that opened simultaneously to reveal
the glass bottles inside.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghHucjVhsw4E0z_DUu3OBapBw95MugpxZ5U-yuh1Im9wzbqnIh-oMv5EEz0n7F9z-stMmt51JOnWLv52ik1rpoAHqa3_lXArKQzHwlfyi_8zLnv3XNWlh0fvh5y2BBDQWjRYShWTN5bqk/s1600/87.175.1-.7a-b_closed_bw.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghHucjVhsw4E0z_DUu3OBapBw95MugpxZ5U-yuh1Im9wzbqnIh-oMv5EEz0n7F9z-stMmt51JOnWLv52ik1rpoAHqa3_lXArKQzHwlfyi_8zLnv3XNWlh0fvh5y2BBDQWjRYShWTN5bqk/s400/87.175.1-.7a-b_closed_bw.jpg" width="176" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQA_NDxkrUkADRnIIfEeAkCQFi9GYYaTvbILeuhq6rmVs5Zq8E5Kjb6zwvRGrs0a6953ge4F-gq9UNQxaacZXaKi55PUJflGLbHhHCDisi-PNR6OoweEhgigGIykcngW_BDQI3mwGoJo/s1600/87.175.1-.7a-b_open_bw.jpg" style="background-color: white; clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQA_NDxkrUkADRnIIfEeAkCQFi9GYYaTvbILeuhq6rmVs5Zq8E5Kjb6zwvRGrs0a6953ge4F-gq9UNQxaacZXaKi55PUJflGLbHhHCDisi-PNR6OoweEhgigGIykcngW_BDQI3mwGoJo/s400/87.175.1-.7a-b_open_bw.jpg" width="194" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Dinner Caster<br />c.1860<br />Made by Roswell Gleason and Sons (active 1851-1871)<br />Dorchester, Massachusetts<br />Silverplate, glass<br /><i>Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY</i></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Salt continued to be served from
salt cellars, which were made of silver, silverplate, cut glass or pressed
glass. The salts were placed at regular
intervals along the length of the dining table, at the corners or diagonally
across from each other if there was only a pair, while the dinner caster stood
in the center of the table.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijmtflkRrVvJggM4tAQtqEtXjt2Vp8EswxlVlW9tuGLgKPlKrigupV8LSEIqeEOPzgiKqGQ8wnzuXsSQC4Vti3ELaTZyTXiPf2CzwmOAN2VWMbKoO-q_QlZHd6h6CbUc1cMIIeVx-f0MA/s1600/img057.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijmtflkRrVvJggM4tAQtqEtXjt2Vp8EswxlVlW9tuGLgKPlKrigupV8LSEIqeEOPzgiKqGQ8wnzuXsSQC4Vti3ELaTZyTXiPf2CzwmOAN2VWMbKoO-q_QlZHd6h6CbUc1cMIIeVx-f0MA/s640/img057.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Diagram of table setting for dinner, <i>Godey's Lady's Book</i>, March 1859</span></td></tr>
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</div>Walter G. Ritchie, Jr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10050404123977222273noreply@blogger.com0